Living with Diabetes

What diabetes is

Diabetes is a long-term condition where blood sugar (glucose) stays too high. In type 1 diabetes the body makes little or no insulin, so insulin injections are needed. In type 2 diabetes — the most common type — the body doesn't use insulin well, and it is closely linked to weight, activity, and family history. ^[1]

Over time, high blood sugar can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Good control greatly lowers these risks. ^[1,2]

Signs to look out for

Many people with type 2 diabetes have no symptoms at first, so testing is important if you are at higher risk.

• Feeling very thirsty and passing urine often.
• Tiredness and blurred vision.
• Unplanned weight loss. ^[3]
• Cuts or infections that heal slowly.

Keeping blood sugar in range

• Take your medicines or insulin exactly as prescribed.
• Check your blood sugar as your care team advises, and keep a record.
• Build meals around vegetables, pulses, whole grains, and lean protein; cut back on sugary drinks, sweets, and refined flour.
• Spread carbohydrates through the day rather than eating large amounts at once.
• Stay active — regular movement helps your body use insulin better.
• Ask about the HbA1c test, which shows your average blood sugar over the past 2–3 months. ^[2]

Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)

If you use insulin or certain tablets, your sugar can drop too low — generally below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). ^[2] Signs include shakiness, sweating, a fast heartbeat, hunger, and confusion.

A common approach is the '15–15 rule': take 15 grams of fast-acting sugar (such as half a glass of juice or glucose tablets), wait 15 minutes, and check again. ^[2] Follow the plan your care team gives you.

Protecting your eyes, feet, and kidneys

• Have an eye check at least once a year. ^[2]
• Look at your feet every day for cuts, blisters, or colour changes, and wear well-fitting shoes. ^[2]
• Have your kidney function, blood pressure, and cholesterol checked regularly.